New Research Reveals Relationships Between Parental Narcissism, Scapegoating, and Child Psychological Outcomes

Childhood can be a difficult time, and trauma experienced during this stage of life may have long-term effects. Understanding the factors that contribute to psychological outcomes in children can help professionals, parents, and educators better prepare for and respond to any potential issues. In particular, new research has highlighted the relationships between parental narcissism, scapegoating, and child psychological outcomes.

Narcissism is a personality disorder characterized by an excessive need for admiration, grandiosity, and lack of empathy, as well as an extreme sense of self-importance. Parents who are narcissistic are often controlling and demanding, with high expectations and difficulty reacting to criticism. Scapegoating is one strategy employed by narcissists, allowing them to avoid taking responsibility for their own shortcomings. It thus involves intentionally or unintentionally punishing, criticizing, and excluding others, typically those who are "weaker" than the narcissist, such as children.

Studies into these issues indicate that narcissism affects children's emotional development. Children who live with a narcissistic parent commonly experience feelings of guilt, shame, abandonment, and low self-esteem, as they are viewed as inadequate or even failures. This can lead to a number of related issues, such as higher levels of anxiety and depression. They may also develop a heightened need for approval, or a compulsion to please their parents.

Research has also found that these impacts are particularly pronounced when parental narcissism and scapegoating are present together. Scapegoated children may become sensitive to criticism, harboring a fear that any mistakes or rebellion could result in further punishment. This can lead to rigid thinking, diminished problem solving, and increased reactivity. Additionally, the combination of parental narcissism and scapegoating may result in increased animosity between the adults involved, which can potentially further damage a child's psychological wellbeing.

In general, the research suggests that positive parenting, defined as warm , encouraging, and communication-focused, is inversely related to both parental narcissism and the use of scapegoating. In order to protect children from potential harm, it is important for adults to be aware of their own narcissistic tendencies, as well as their potential to employ scapegoating. For those struggling with either of these behaviors, seeking help from a mental health professional is highly recommended.

For adults in positions of power, such as teachers and coaches, it is also important to be aware of the possibility of child victims of parental scapegoating, so that the best possible care and support can be provided. Signs to look out for include behavioral difficulties, frequent stress and anxiety, difficulty following instructions, and reclusiveness. Understanding the relationships between parental narcissism, scapegoating, and child psychological outcomes is invaluable in creating a safe and positive environment for children to thrive.