Help For the Sleepless

by Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

When your head hits the pillow but your body refuses to sleep, lying in the dark counting sheep just might induce tossing and turning instead of heavy eyelids.

Often, simple remedies can solve the problem of an occasional restless night. For some people, just a few minutes' reading or television gazing will lull the mind to sleep. Others coax slumber by taking a warm bath or light snack just before bedtime. Over-the- counter (OTC) nighttime sleep-aids, regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, are another option.

According to a 1993 report to Congress by the National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research, "frequent or chronic insomnia, estimated to affect more than 60 million Americans — about one of every three adults — is a severe problem for approximately half of those individuals."

Insomnia lasting just a few days — what the American Sleep Disorders Association (ASDA) calls "transient insomnia" — is a common aftermath of stress or excitement. It's not unusual to lose one or two days' sleep worrying about a spat with a spouse or a report due at work. Good things sometimes keep people awake, too, like an exciting sports event or anticipation of the start of a vacation.

"Short-term insomnia" — lasting two or three weeks — may result from ongoing stress. A job setback, illness, or death of a loved one can upset normal sleep habits for a while. If unresolved, "chronic insomnia" — defined by the ASDA as "poor sleep every night, most nights, or several nights a month" — may ensue.

There are a lot of questions about sleep that scientists can't answer — why it's necessary, what its purpose is, how it's regulated, or what the brain does during sleep. But you don't have to be a scientist to recognize the effects of going without sleep. Anyone who has slept poorly for a few nights running knows that's the reason they are tired and irritable, and have trouble concentrating and staying alert.

Chronic insomnia can have more serious consequences. In a March 24, 1993, commentary in the Journal of the American Medical Association, sleep expert William C. Dement, M.D., Ph.D., notes that drowsiness is blamed for some 200,000 to 400,000 automobile accidents a year, accounting for almost half of all accident- related deaths in the United States.

The commission's report to Congress links sleep deprivation to increased psychosocial problems and illness and death, and to diminished productivity and performance. It names fatigue and drowsiness as contributors to accidents in hospitals, military operations, and the nuclear industry, and to major air, rail, road, and sea transportation disasters. The Challenger space shuttle explosion, the Exxon Valdez grounding, and the collision of two Conrail freight trains resulting in four deaths and $6 million dollars in damages are among several catastrophes cited.

So, while researchers want to learn more about sleep for many reasons, we plain folk who lie awake nights simply want to know how we can get more of it.

Professional or Self-Help?

People with chronic insomnia should see a doctor for treatment, which may include short-term use of prescription sleeping pills. Poor sleep for extended periods may be a symptom of an underlying disorder, such as depression, sleep apnea (repeated interruptions of breathing during sleep), pain from arthritis or other illness, or a neurological disease.

But if all that's needed is a little help to overcome a restless night or two, a do-it-yourself approach is sensible. Experts have come up with many useful tips to help people fall asleep and develop and maintain good sleeping habits (see "Tricks for the Tired").

Used appropriately, OTC and prescription sleep-aids also can help provide sounder sleep, the ASDA advises. The association cautions, however, that for some types of insomnia, such as that caused by breathing disorders, the products may be dangerous.

"Before taking any OTC drug product, you should read the label for directions on how and when to use it, and whether you should check with a doctor before taking it," says FDA regulatory review pharmacist Michael Benson. "Antihistamines are the ingredients in OTC nighttime sleep-aids that make you nod off, and some contain other ingredients, like an analgesic for pain," he says.

FDA allows three antihistamines — diphenhydramine hydrochloride (HCl), diphenhydramine citrate, and doxylamine succinate — to be used as the active ingredient in OTC nighttime sleep-aids.

In the early 1970s, FDA began a review of OTC drug products. Manufacturers were requested to submit data on the safety and effectiveness of the active ingredients for their intended uses. Expert panels on various classes of drug products were convened to review the data and make recommendations to the agency.

In 1978, FDA approved a new drug application providing for OTC marketing of doxylamine succinate for nighttime sleep-aid use. In 1982, the agency authorized the initial marketing of diphenhydramine HCl and diphenhydramine citrate for this use. These two drugs were the only ones included in the agency's final monograph on OTC nighttime sleep-aids, issued in 1989. After the monograph's publication, products containing active ingredients other than doxylamine succinate, diphenhydramine HCl, or diphenhydramine citrate had to be reformulated or taken off the market.

Read the Label

Consumers can find out what ingredients are in an OTC drug product by reading the label. Unisom contains doxylamine succinate, for example, while Nytol contains diphenhydramine HCl. Some products, such as Sominex Pain Relief Formula and Bufferin AF Nite Time contain an analgesic for pain relief as well as an antihistamine. You may find that one works better for you than another. Because of the different product ingredients, the label warnings and directions for use vary.

About the Author

www.fda.gov
FDA is A United States government body that oversees medical devices, including contact lenses, intraocular lenses, excimer lasers and eyedrops. In the US, these products must be approved by the FDA before they can be marketed.