Mental Health - Mental Illness

by Health Canada

Most Canadians are affected by mental illness, either directly or indirectly, through family, friends or colleagues. Yet there is still a stigma attached to this range of diseases that is a barrier to correct diagnosis and treatment, as well as to the acceptance and support of people with mental illness within the community.

Twenty percent of Canadians will personally experience a mental illness during their lifetime. Although most mental illnesses begin during adolescence and young adulthood, people of all ages, cultures, educational and income levels experience mental illnesses.

In the course of a lifetime, most people experience feelings of isolation, loneliness, sadness, emotional distress or disconnection from things. These feelings are often short-term, normal reactions to difficult situations, such as the death of a loved one, loss of a job, romantic breakup or sudden change of circumstances. People learn to cope with these difficult feelings just as we learn to cope with other difficult situations.

However, mental illness, by definition, is quite different. It has a serious impact on a person's ability to function effectively over a long period of time. Depending on the illness, a person may have a serious disturbance in thinking, mood or behaviour. They may not be able to cope with the simplest aspects of everyday life and may need help in regaining balance in their lives.

Along with the profound costs to livelihood, the economic costs of mental illness are also enormous. In 1993, the cost of mental illness in Canada was estimated to be at least $7.331 billion. Most people with mental illness can be helped through health professionals and community-based services while some may need hospitalization to stabilize their symptoms. Eighty-six percent of hospitalizations for mental illnesses take place in general hospitals. Mental illness accounts for about four percent of all hospital admissions.

Types of Mental Illnesses

Mental illnesses take many forms, including:

• mood disorders, such as depression and bipolar disorder, which affect how one feels
• schizophrenia, which affects how one perceives the world;
• anxiety disorders which affect how fearful one perceives places, events or situations to be;
• personality disorders, which affect how one sees oneself in relation to others; and
• eating disorders, such as anorexia or bulimia, which influence how one feels about food and one's body image

Although suicide is not itself considered a mental illness, it is often the result of some underlying mental illness. It accounts for two percent of all deaths, but 24 percent of deaths among those aged 15 to 24, and 16 percent of deaths among those aged 25 to 44.

Causes of Mental Illness

A complex interplay of many factors cause mental illness. Contributing factors include:

• genetics;
• biology;
• personality;
• socio-economic status; and
• life events.

Symptoms of Mental Illness

Mental illnesses take the form of changes in thinking, mood or behaviour or some combination of all three. The person affected shows symptoms of significant distress and the inability to function as needed over an extended period of time. These symptoms can vary from mild to severe, depending on the type of mental illness, the individual, the family and the patient's environment.

Health Effects of Mental Illness

Mental health is as important as physical health. In fact, the two are intertwined. Our mental health directly affects our physical health and vice versa. People with physical health problems often experience anxiety or depression that affects their recovery. Likewise, mental health factors can increase the risk of developing physical problems such as:

• diabetes;
• heart disease;
• weight gain or loss;
• gastrointestinal problems;
• reductions in immune system efficiency; and
• blood biochemical imbalances.

In the case of eating disorders, those affected may die from lack of nourishment.

About the Author

www.hc-sc.gc.ca
Health Canada is the Federal department responsible for helping Canadians maintain and improve their health, while respecting individual choices and circumstances.